Indictions to Seconds (indiction to s)
1 indiction equals 473,354,280 seconds exactly.
How to convert indictions to seconds
To convert indictions to seconds, multiply the number of indictions by 473,354,280. This factor is exact. To go the other way, multiply seconds by 2.112582567×10⁻⁹ (rounded).
seconds = indictions × 473,354,280
Example: 10 indictions = 4,733,542,800 seconds.
Months and years are not constant. This site uses the average Gregorian year of 365.2425 days, so one 'year' converts to 365.2425 days, not 365; use 'common year' for exactly 365 days.
About these units
Indiction (indiction)
A 15-year tax cycle introduced under the Roman Empire and used to date documents in the Byzantine and medieval worlds.
Indictions began as periodic reassessments of land or poll taxes in the Roman Empire, and the Latin indictio means an imposition or levy. Evidence exists for a 15-year cycle across the empire, a 14-year cycle in Roman Egypt, and a five-year cycle. Tax changes and arrears remissions tended to fall at the start of a cycle, with examples recorded under Nero in 58 AD and Hadrian in 118 AD.
Constantine is credited with turning the 15-year cycle into a dating system in 312 AD, and Egypt used it by 314 AD, though sources disagree on the first year, with one Coptic document implying 297 to 298. Justinian required indictions in dated documents in 537 AD. The year began on 23 September in the early Eastern Empire, later moving to 1 September, while Bede gives 24 September for the West and papal practice started on 25 December or 1 January. Because the length is a convention of 15 years, the figure used here is 15 Gregorian years, about 473.4 million seconds. The cycle also forms part of the 7,980-year Julian Period.
1 indiction = 473,354,280 seconds (exactly).
Sources: Wikipedia: Indiction
Second (s)
The SI base unit of time, defined by the radiation frequency of the cesium-133 atom: 9,192,631,770 cycles per second.
Our word second is a leftover of Latin. Medieval scholars divided a degree, and later the hour, into 60 parts called pars minuta prima, the first small part, and divided those again into pars minuta secunda, the second small part. NIST traces the roots further back: Babylonian and Greek astronomers split the circle into 360 degrees, and around 150 C.E. Ptolemy split each degree into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds. Clocks that could show seconds appeared only in the later 16th century, and Christiaan Huygens's pendulum clock of 1656 was the first able to keep time accurately to the second.
For most of history the second was a fraction of a day, and in 1956 it was redefined as a fraction of the tropical year, a definition the SI took over in 1960. In 1967 the 13th CGPM switched to atoms: 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation tied to a hyperfine transition of caesium-133. The 2019 SI revision restated this by fixing the caesium frequency at 9,192,631,770 hertz. NIST reports that commercial caesium clocks stay within about a three-millionth of a second per year, and experimental clocks based on other atoms are roughly ten thousand times more precise.
The second is the reference unit for time on this site.
Sources: NIST: the second and the SI redefinition; BIPM: SI Brochure, 9th edition; Wikipedia: Second
Related conversions
- Seconds to indictions (reverse)
- Indictions to minutes
- Indictions to hours
- Indictions to days
- Indictions to weeks
- Indictions to months
- Indictions to years
- Minutes to seconds
- Hours to seconds
- Days to seconds
- Weeks to seconds
- Months to seconds
- Years to seconds
- Milliseconds to seconds
- Microseconds to seconds
- Nanoseconds to seconds
- Decades to seconds
- Centuries to seconds
- Millennia to seconds
See all time units.